ABSTRACTDuring THE last century, ports of Persian Gulf become THE most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, THE impact of port activities on THE development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. THE purpose of this research is to identify THE key VARIABLES affecting THE relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as THE most thriving and successful port-city in THE Persian Gulf. This research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of oTHEr prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). sampling method is based on purposive sampling and Micmac software was used to analyze THE data. Output of Micmac software shows THE position of THE instability of THE system. THErefore, THE position of each VARIABLES in THE conceptual model can be categorized to driver, linkage, dependent, and autonomous factors. THE research findings indicate 4 VARIABLES (like as “income, cost and investmnets in port-city”) can be introduced as a driver factor, 5 VARIABLES (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in THE port”) can be introduced as a linkage factor, 6 VARIABLES (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) can be introduced as a dependent factor, 3 VARIABLES (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of THE city-port”) can be introduced as an autonomous factor. THE rapid development of Dubai can be explained by THE purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourismExtended AbstractIntroductionDuring THE last century, ports of Persian Gulf become THE most important storage, refining and transportation of crude oil, oil derivation, petrochemical products and also, business activities. THE GLOBAL increase in oil demand since THE 1950s led to THE creation of discovery of new oil wells and large industrial areas. With THE construction of new oil or gas facilities in THE port areas, increasing oil revenues contributed to THE countries of THE Persian Gulf region and form a new geographical relationship between ports and coastal cities which had an impact on THE spatial structure and relation of THEm. Nowadays, due to functional diversity between ports, THE impact of port activities on THE development of urban spaces will be different, and this issue leads to structural differences of port cities. In THE 1950s, Containerization (container loading technology) was based in some of THE world's ports and created a huge transformation in THE shipping industry, which had a significant impact on THE development of ports. Although THE ports of THE Persian Gulf have made a significant contribution to THE ECONOMIC growth and physical development of oTHEr ports in THE world, but few researches have been done on THE VARIABLES and factors affecting THE development of THE spatial structure of THE important ports of THE Persian Gulf. This region, due to its unique geographical location, has always been considered as a most important corridor in THE field of ECONOMIC and transportation throughout history. Some of THE most important energy and commercial ports in this region are: Dubai, Manama, Kuwait, Dammam, Doha, Bushehr, Bandar-Abbas and Assaluyeh. In this regard, THE purpose of this research is to identify THE key VARIABLES affecting THE relations and spatial structure of port-city in Dubai as THE most thriving and successful port-city in THE Persian Gulf. MethodologyThis research is based on deductive reasoning and carried out by analysis of cross effects with secondary data (results of oTHEr prominent articles) and also primary data (questionnaire). THE method used in this research is quantitative and THE sampling method is based on purposive sampling. THE VARIABLES affecting THE spatial structure of port-city relations were identified in THE form of a review of 31 prominent articles. 25 experts (who had comprehensive knowledge and information about THE development process of THE city-port of Dubai) participated to determine THE effectiveness or influence of VARIABLES. Finally, THE output of data analysis was done by THE Micmac software. Results and discussionOutput of Micmac software shows THE position of THE VARIABLES in THE diagram that it indicates THEir status in THE system and THEir role in THE dynamics and changes of THE system. THE method of distribution and dispersion of THE VARIABLES in THE spatial structure of port-city relations indicates THE instability of THE system. THErefore, based on THE output of THE system, THE position of each VARIABLES in THE conceptual model can be identified in five categories (driver, linkage, dependent, autonomous and regulatory VARIABLES). According to THE results, some VARIABLES such as “THE changes in THE strategic positions” and “geopolitics of port-city”, “THE modification of THE management method” and “regional planning of THE ports”, “THE promotion of local governance in THE relations between port-city” and “THE way of national and international management of ports have been introduced as driver VARIABLES. On THE oTHEr hand, five VARIABLES consist of “advanced multimodal transportation in THE port” and “income, cost and investment in THE port-city”, “THE contrast and physical integration of THE port - city space”, “THE development of various industrial and production activities in THE ports and THEir local hinterland” and “THEir qualities Financial and commercial policies of ports” have been introduced as linkage VARIABLES. Findings of research also shows that some VARIABLES consist of “quality of living environment and desirable city”, “quantity and quality of transit corridors (rail, road and air) to hinterland”, “construction and launching THE new port (sea port or dry port)”, “terminal facilities and infrastructure and warehousing”, “conflict or convergence between THE city and THE port” and “increase in population growth rate and migration to THE port - city” categorized as dependent VARIABLES. Three VARIABLES including “cultural and historical background of ports”, “use of cheaper energy, Less-polluted, clean and renewable energies in THE city-port” and “environmental protection and sustainable development of THE city-port” categorized as autonomous VARIABLES. Finally, a variable with THE title of “improvement in management and information technology and development in loading, unloading and storage of commodities” have been introduced as regulatory VARIABLES. THE findings of this research have a remarkable similarity with oTHEr researches carried out in THE field of city-port relation and clearly emphasize THE direct impact of THE "investment in port-city" in THE development of THEm. For example, Grossmann (2008) emphasized that city-port of Hamburg has become one of THE largest ports in NorTHErn Europe during THE last few decades due to huge domestic and foreign investment. ConclusionThis research carried out in order to introduce and explain THE key VARIABLES affecting THE development of THE spatial structure of THE port-city of Dubai. On this basis, 21 VARIABLES have been extracted by systematic reviews of prominent articles. In THE following, 25 experts were selected with THE purposive sampling method. Among THE 21 VARIABLES extracted, 4 VARIABLES (like as “geopolitics of port-city”) introduced as a driver factor, 5 VARIABLES (like as “advanced multimodal transportation in THE port”) introduced as a linkage factor, 6 VARIABLES (like as “quality of living environment and desirable city”) introduced as a dependent factor, 3 VARIABLES (like as “environmental protection and sustainable development of THE city-port”) introduced as an autonomous factor. THE rapid development of Dubai can be explained by THE purposeful distribution of revenues from trade and tourism. A part of THEse revenues has been directed towards investment in important transportation infrastructures such as airports and ports of this city. THEse strategies have a wide impact on improving THE ECONOMIC growth of THE city and THE development of THE port in order to adapt with THE GLOBAL trade and advanced technologies. FundingTHEre is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to THE conceptualization and writing of THE article. All of THE authors approved THE content of THE manuscript and agreed on all aspects of THE work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all THE scientific consultants of this paper.

MacroECONOMIC policy analysis and risk management require taking account of THE increasing interdependencies across markets and economies. National ECONOMIC issues need to be considered from GLOBAL as well as domestic perspectives. This invariably means that many different channels of transmission must be taken into account. This paper investigates THE effect of GLOBAL ECONOMIC shocks on Iran’s economy.  THE GLOBAL Vector Autoregressive (GVAR) model for THE first quarter of 1990 to THE fourth quarter of 2019 is used for 34 countries, which cover about 90% of world gross domestic products. According to previous studies and THE results of this study, it is found that only THE shocks of THE United States, China and THE GLOBAL shock affect THE macroECONOMIC VARIABLES of oTHEr countries and oil prices, and as a result, THE effect of THEse three shocks on THE Iranian economy is investigated. Ceteris paribus, THE results show that China's shock affects THE VARIABLES of GDP and Iran's inflation: with a 1 percent increase in China's GDP, Iran's GDP increases by 0.08 percent and inflation by 1.2 percent and has no effect on interest rates. THE US shock has an indirect effect on oil prices. Due to THE isolation of THE economy, foreign VARIABLES do not have significant effects on THE Iranian macroECONOMIC VARIABLES. In general, Iran's economy, due to THE size of THE economy and THE volume of trade shocks of oTHEr trading partners through THE foreign trade channel do not affect THE Iranian economy.

ABSTRACT Over THE past 50 years since THE first research in THE field of urban development implementation plans, THEre has been a noticeable absence of a comprehensive literature review on this topic in THE GLOBAL arena. This article provides a textual analysis related to THE subject of urban development implementation plans, to identify important and recurring THEmes alongside analyzing THE relationships between authors, journals, and countries in this field. Along with THE bibliographic analysis, documents related to THE field of urban development implementation plans were reviewed to identify influential indicators in THEir implementation. To this end, 456 scientific articles were extracted from THE Scopus scientific database as of October 28th, 2022, and analyzed using scientometric software. THEse analyses include examining author keywords, country co-authorships, journal bibliographic coupling, and author co-citations. In this study, 74 final indicators were identified as THE most recurrent indicators in this field. THE bibliographic analysis also produced several noteworthy results. THE United States is THE most active country in this field, with a link strength of 40 and 176 articles. Berke, P. is THE most influential author in this field, with a link strength of 1623 and 99 citations. Among THE journals examined, "Land Use Policy" has THE highest bibliographic coupling strength of 84, and THE "Journal of THE American Planning Association" has THE highest number of documents related to this field, with 22 documents; finally, among THE identified. Extended Abstract Introduction THE implementation of urban development projects has been a neglected topic in public policy research, despite its critical importance in ensuring THE success of such projects. While THEre have been numerous studies on THE factors that contribute to THE success or failure of policy implementation, THEre has been a lack of systematic reviews on THE subject of implementation as a whole. This study aims to address this gap in knowledge by providing a comprehensive overview of THE implementation process of urban development projects. This study aims to address this gap in knowledge by providing a comprehensive overview of THE implementation process of urban development projects. THE study begins by collecting and categorizing existing research in THE field, focusing on three main questions: -What are THE key indicators for successful implementation? -What are urban journals and articles' current trends and performance? -How do countries and researchers collaborate in this area? THE study also examines THE relationships between authors, publishers, and different types of documents through bibliographic analysis. Ultimately, this study highlights THE need for furTHEr research and a more structured approach to understanding THE implementation process of urban development projects.   Methodology This study examined THE literature related to implementation and evaluation plans in urban and land use planning. THE authors used THE Scopus database to extract and collect data, focusing on combining THE keywords "implementation-plan" and "evaluation-plan" in THE keywords, abstracts, and titles. Initially, 621 studies were extracted, but 456 articles were selected as THE final database after filtering out non-article documents. THE authors observed a general upward trend for studies from 1968 to 2022, with a significant increase in THE slope of THE trend from 2007. However, a slight decrease in studies was observed in 2021 and 2022, possibly due to THE GLOBAL pandemic and THE emergence of new related topics. THE authors used a four-stage process to analyze THE bibliographic subject of THE study, including simultaneous occurrence analysis, co-authorship analysis, bibliographic coupling analysis, co-citation analysis, content analysis, and THEmatic analysis. THE authors identified THE selected articles' research objectives, methodologies, findings, and main THEmes and sub-THEmes. Overall, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of THE literature on implementation and evaluation plans in urban and land use planning.   Results and discussion This research aims to comprehensively analyze THE implementation and execution of urban development plans using bibliometrics and systematic analysis. THE study considers evaluation as a crucial part of THE implementation process and seeks to answer three fundamental questions. Firstly, it identifies effective indicators of implementation and execution GLOBALly. Secondly, it examines THE trends and performances of new articles and urban journals. Thirdly, it investigates THE pattern of cooperation among countries and researchers. THE study identifies 74 general indicators that significantly impact THE implementation process of urban plans. THE results show that "performance evaluation," "effectiveness," "land use," "zonation," "participation," "program quality," and "implementation program" are critical indicators in this area. THE study also highlights THE importance of evaluation in THE discussion of program implementation and its separability from THE implementation process. Using THE scientometric software VOSviewer, THE study analyzed 68 keywords related to THE bibliographic topic. "Program evaluation" obtained THE first place, followed by "Program implementation" and "Program quality." THE co-authorship analysis based on author items revealed that Berke, P. has THE highest number of citations and link strength. Additionally, THE study found that 72 countries have research in this field, with 22 countries having at least 5 citations that were clustered into 5 clusters by THE software. THE "land use policy" journal had THE highest link strength, and THE "Journal of THE American planning association" had THE highest number of documents related to this field. In conclusion, THE study provides valuable insights for policymakers and researchers interested in urban development planning. It comprehensively examines THE implementation and execution of urban development plans, identifies effective indicators, and investigates THE pattern of cooperation among countries and researchers. THE study highlights THE importance of evaluation in THE implementation process and its separability from THE implementation process.   Conclusion THE main goal of this research was to fill THE gap in research on THE implementation and execution of urban development projects in THE field, as no systematic review of THE topic has been conducted from a GLOBAL perspective since THE first research in this field about half a century ago. Only in some studies, such as those by Talen (1996), Oliveira & Pinho (2010), Rudolf & Grădinaru (2017), has THE evaluation of implementation been systematically reviewed, or THE systematic review of experiences in a specific urban area, such as THE review of various experiences in THE Beijing urban area (Chu, 2020). In this research, with THE comprehensive approach that THE evaluation of implementation is an integral part of THE overall process of implementing and executing urban development projects, this process has been examined from THE perspective of bibliometrics and systematic analysis of this field. THE main difference of this research, which makes it completely new, is firstly having a comprehensive approach to THE implementation field, where program evaluation is only an important part of its structure, and secondly, using THE scientometric software VOSviewer for THE first time in this field. In essence, THE conclusive outcomes of this investigation were entirely novel and exhibited some partial congruences with antecedent studies in THE domain of appraising and discerning indicators. Significantly, this research has conferred a systematic appraisal of THE literature concerning THE urban implementation and execution of projects, which is an unprecedented contribution. It should be acknowledged that this is an initial survey of data intended to offer a comprehensive outlook on this scholarly field, and thus it is subject to certain limitations, such as its confinement to THE Scopus database. As such, it is recommended that future research endeavors encompass an analysis of additional databases and undertake comparative evaluations of THE results. Funding THEre is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution Authors contributed equally to THE conceptualization and writing of THE article. All of THE authors approved THEcontent of THE manuscript and agreed on all aspects of THE work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of Interest Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments  We are grateful to all THE scientific consultants of this paper.

A B S T R A C T Tourism as a socio-ECONOMIC activity plays an essential role in THE ECONOMIC, social, physical, and cultural dimensions of rural settlements in developing countries, which can have significant impacts on rural physical identity. THE purpose of this study was to evaluate THE impact of tourism on THE identity changes of rural settlements in Oraman area of Sarvabad Township in Kurdistan province. THErefore, THE present study questions 1. What is THE relationship between tourism development and rural identity changes in THE study area? What are THE most critical factors influencing THE physical development of rural settlements? He answers. THE present study is a descriptive-analytical based on data collection using a questionnaire. THE statistical population of THE study consisted of 7 villages located in THE Dezli-Hajij communication axis in Oraman District based on population and housing census data of 1395 with 1572 households and 306 households were selected using Cochran formula. One-sample t-test and factor analysis were used for data analysis. THE findings of THE study showed that tourism development in THE sample villages in terms of continuity over time such as housing construction quality (3/67), sanitation (3/39) and land-use changes (3/78) and unity and plurality such as Design and style of housing architecture (3/01) and public transit architecture (3/23) and THEn differentiation and homogeneity such as proportionality with rural life (3/58) and rurality or location (3/43) have a positive impact on THE physical dimensions of rural settlements in THE region. THE results of THE exploratory factor analysis showed that tourism development plays a vital role in THE development of rural physical identity in THE region. So that THE proportion of rural life with a specific amount of 13/6 and 27% of THE total variance had THE most influence among THE factors Extended Abstract Introduction  As an important socio-ECONOMIC activity in local and regional development, tourism has a high potential for political, social, and ECONOMIC changes in communities. Scholars widely regard it as THE engine of development. Today, rural areas in developing countries face various ECONOMIC, social, and environmental challenges. Planners need to pay more attention to complementary sectors of agricultural activities such as THE development of handicrafts, food industries, and tourism because agriculture is now retreating from its hegemonic position in some rural areas. THErefore, tourism as one of THE essential approaches to rural development has multiple effects on THE socio-ECONOMIC dimensions of rural areas. Tourism can play a vital role in shaping spaces, reconfiguring and rebuilding processes, creating new socio-ECONOMIC opportunities in less-developed rural areas,  and leads to changes in THE physical dimensions and physical identity of THE villages.   Methodology This study aims to investigate THE role of tourism development in THE physical identity of  rural settlements located in THE Dezley-Hajij road axis in Oraman County (Sarvabad Township- Kurdistan province) in western Iran. This applied study methodology of research was based on analytical– descriptive methods using questionnaires. After THE survey of THEoretical bases, THE questionnaire was set using a Likert spectrum and distributed randomly among THE sample. THE statistical population of this study consisted of 1572 households residing in THE villages of Daraki (Dezli County), Veisiyan and Kamaleh (Oraman County), Belbar, Jivar, Celin, and Novin (Shalyar County), with a sample of 306 was selected by Cochran formula. A questionnaire was furTHEr validated by an academic panel of experts in THE field of research. Cronbach's alpha determined its reliability, which was up to 0.890 for measured indexes. THE data were analyzed by One sample T-test and Factor   analysis tests in THE SPSS software package.    Results and discussion To investigate THE role of tourism activities in THE physical identity change of rural settlements, THE research indices in terms of three components of time continuity (quality of constructions, health, and environmental cleanliness and land-use transformations), unity/multiplicity (Landscape of free passages and THE type of architectural style), and differentiation/similarity (proportional to rural life and Compliance with THE physical environment) were classified. THE results of THE one-sample t-test showed that assuming numerical utility (3 mean spectra), THE components of continuity in time, variance, multiplicity, and differentiation and similarity with numerical mean values (3.62), (3.35), and (3.27), respectively. THE effect of tourism development is affected, and THE difference is positive and means between upper and lower boundaries. THEre is a significant difference at THE 95% level between THE components. Evaluation of THE importance of tourism in THE physical development of rural settlements from THE viewpoint of THE respondents using factor analysis statistical test showed that THE relevant data according to THE KMO coefficient (0.812) is appropriate, and THE Bartlett's test is 99% significant. THErefore, 50 VARIABLES extracted from THE questionnaire were classified into six main factors, namely rural planning and architecture, beautification and environmental hygiene, privacy and road improvement, rural livelihoods, cultural regeneration, and physical security.   Conclusion Findings based on THE utility analysis of indicators indicate THE positive impact of tourism development on THE development of physical identity changes in rural settlements in THE study area. Thus, THE development of tourism in THE villages under study has been able to positively influence THE three dimensions of identity, such as continuity in time, unity and plurality, and differentiation and similarity. THErefore, it can be concluded that tourism development due to its social and ECONOMIC impacts on THE villages has also led to changes in rural physical identity. Moreover, hygiene and cleanliness of THE rural environment were observed with a numerical mean (3.81) and (3.67), respectively, both of which are indices in THE continuity component over time. THE results of THE data analysis using factor analysis showed that THE studied VARIABLES had 6% of THE total variance in 5% of total variance. Based on THE results of this analysis, it can be concluded that tourism development in two factors in terms of continuity in time has THE most impact on THE physical identity of rural settlements at 41%. Thus, planning and architecture of rural housing with 27% of THE total variance and beautification and sanitation of THE physical environment with 14% of THE total variance have a significant impact on THE physical changes and, consequently, THE physical identity of THE rural settlements. Based on THE research findings, THE following suggestions can be considered: StrengTHEning local institutions, such as THE Islamic Council and THE local managers, in order to promote THE use of local patterns in THE construction of new instruments to conform to THE physical structure and function of THE villages in THE region; Management of land use changes on THE edge of THE village in order to prevent unnecessary physical changes in THE way of preservation and environmental beauty; Prevent THE accumulation of pesticides in public passages due to tourism in THE area; Improving public beauties and beautifying THEm using THE social and cultural elements of THE region.   Funding THEre is no funding support.   Authors’ Contribution THE authors contributed equally to THE conceptualization and writing of THE article. All of THE authors approved THE content of THE manuscript and agreed on all aspects of THE work.   Conflict of Interest THE Authors declared no conflict of interest.   Acknowledgments THE authors appreciate to all THE scientific consultants of this paper.

As a part of THE human society, children have formed THE future generation of every country, and THE child's interaction with THE surrounding environment requires his physical and mental development. THErefore, it is important to pay attention to THE environment that promotes mental and physical development of THE child. In order to check THE suitable environment for children, THE initiative of THE child-friendly city has been taken into consideration. THE general purpose of this research is to improve THE status of two cities from THE perspective of a child-friendly city and to identify THE appropriate indicators of a child-friendly city and to make a comparative comparison in THE two metropolises of Tehran and Isfahan. THE current research is developmental in terms of THE combined method and in terms of THE goal, and it is based on library and documentary studies, field surveys and interviews. Yeoman-Whitney test was used to analyze THE indicators. THE results of THE evaluation show that in THE comparison of THE two cities of Tehran and Isfahan in terms of THE examined indicators (social and physical, ECONOMIC, environmental, urban management and leisure), Tehran city in THE variable of safety and protection with an average of 3.09 and Isfahan city in Participation and citizenship VARIABLES with an average of 3.22 have a favorable level. Although Tehran is in a better condition compared to Isfahan in oTHEr indicators, in general, both cities are far apart in terms of standard indicators, and suggestions have been made in this regard.

Identifying THE constraining factors of production and yield gap is very important. THErefore; this research was performed to identify THE production constraining factors of local rice cultivars. All management practices from nursery preparation to harvesting stages for 100 paddy fields of local rice cultivars were recorded through field studies, in Sari, from 2015-2016. In THE CPA, THE actual and calculated potential yield were 4495 and 5703 kg/ha, respectively and THE gap was 1221 kg/ha. THE yield gap caused by number of top-dressing VARIABLES was 324 kg/ha, equal to 27% of THE total yield gap. THE yield gap related to previous year of legumes cultivation was 218 kg ha-1, equal to 18% of THE total yield variation. Among THE 10 VARIABLES entered in THE CPA model, THE effects of top-dress fertilizer application and its application frequency and foliar application were remarkable, which could compensate a significant part of THE yield gap (444 kg/ha, 37% of total) in THE farmers’ fields by managing THEse VARIABLES. According to boundary line analysis (BLA) finding, actual yield mean on THE basis of optimal limit related to 12 VARIABLES under study was 5369 kg/ha, with 881 kg/ha yield gap . Mean relative yield and relative yield gap for 12 VARIABLES (transplanting date, seedling age, number of seedlings per hill, planting density, nitrogen and phosphorous per hectare, nitrogen before transplanting, harvesting date, lodging problem, pest problem, diseases problem and weeds problem) were 83.64 and 16.35 kg/ha, respectively. Based on THE finding, it can be stated that THE model precision is appropriate and can be applied for both estimation of THE quantity of yield gap and determining THE portion of each restricting yield VARIABLES.

Knowing THE components of ECONOMIC education provides THE dynamic background of education in this field. THE aim of THE current research is to investigate THE indicators and components of THE ECONOMIC education curriculum. THE approach of THE current research is qualitative and its method is research synTHEsis. THE research community is all THE articles (211 articles) that have been presented from 1390 to 1401 AD and from 2010 to 2022 AD regarding ECONOMIC education in curricula. THE sample of THE research is 32 articles, which were selected based on THEmatic monitoring, THEoretical data saturation, and purposefully. THE research data were collected from THE qualitative analysis of THE studied articles. By analyzing THE data, THE dimensions of vitality in THE curriculum of THE elementary school in 4 factors and 55 categories including THE dimension of individual factors (including indicators and components related to personality characteristics); THE dimension of culture and ECONOMIC ethics (ECONOMIC fields in THE society); THE dimension of ECONOMIC concepts and knowledge (indices in ECONOMIC education) and THE dimension of collective and communication concepts (communication and interaction indicators in education) were classified. ECONOMIC education is dependent on internal and external components in educational systems, which requires macro-planning in this field.

Abstract: This study sought to answer THE question of what are THE causes of marital infidelity in THE Iranian family. To Answer THE Research Question, Qualitative Meta-SynTHEsis (QMS) Method Were Used. THEn, 78 Scientific Papers Which Were Considered Marital Infidelity in Iran were identified and were Analyzed. THE results showed that THE factors of infidelity in Iran can be classified into 9 main categories, including: 1. Social factors, 2. Psychological factors, 3. Cultural factors, 4. Family factors, 5. Personal factors, 6. Relational factors, 7. ECONOMIC factors, 8. Media factors, 9. Contextual factors. Each of THE main Categories is divided into Different Subcategories. THE Social Factors of infidelity were including “Infidelity Opportunities”, “Friend groups” and “Environmental Conditions”. Psychological Factors of Infidelity Were Including “Personality Type”, “Attachment Styles”, and THEir “Love Schema”. Cultural Factors have Pointed to “Change in Beliefs and values” and “THE level of Religious Education” of people. THE Family Factors were including “Inappropriate Marriage”, “Family Conflict” and “THE Kind of Family Background of people”. THE Personal Factors are “Sexual Dissatisfaction”, “Emotional Dissatisfaction”, “THE Feeling of Loneliness”, “THE Spouse Unavailability”, “Weakness in Controlling Spouse”, “Domestic Violence”, “Revenge of THE Spouse” and “THE Role of THE Third Person in THE Relationship”. THE ECONOMIC factors are including “THE ECONOMIC Status of THE person”, “THE Role of ECONOMIC Problems”, “THE motivation of entering into infidelity under THE Pretext of Job promotion”. THE media Factors Were Emphasized on “weakening Iranian Values through Social Media Networks and Foreign Satellite Channels” and “Producing of New Needs by Media”. Finally, THE Contextual Factors were including THE Role of “Age” and “Gender” in THE Infidelity. Findings showed that Infidelity Occurred in THE group of men and youth in Iran, more than oTHEr Social Groups.

In developing countries, THE main question so stable is why citizens have been excluded from construction plans and which factors have deprived THEm from THEir citizen rights?THE response to this question is simple and recusant: political economoy of THEse countries has been planned in a way that this fundamental question is less discussed. Manuel Castle attends truly to THE abstruse relationship of urban classes and subject of of power. His concept in this context is an altered concept from Pareto THEsis that said '' a position which anybody can't without aggravate anoTHEr person achive to is THE better position.''THErefore, only with true perception of THE social organization relationships, understanding and analysis of flow capital, information, inequality, migration, poverty reproduction, social threats , in THEm material base( cities), is possible . Squatter settlement is THE eventual dimension of flows that incentive unstability in urban and region scale. This research deals with THE ECONOMIC and social VARIABLES and those special impact among urban poverty and Squatter settlement.